[1] http://umaghrebarabe.org/fr/le-traite-de-marrakech/
[2] Ibid
[3] Lamrani, M. E. (2013), “L’Union du Maghreb ou l’invincible espoir” In: IX I 2013: Dossier: Le Maghreb avec ou sans l’EUROPE? Available here: https://journals.openedition.org/anneemaghreb/1938
[4] https://www.algerie1.com/eclairage/la-relance-de-l-union-du-maghreb-arabe-uma-realites-et-perspectives
[5] https://maroc-diplomatique.net/le-maroc-pourrait-accueillir-les-chefs-detats-des-pays-du-maghreb-en-2019/
[6] Ibid
[7] https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20190228-the-arab-maghreb-union-that-never-was/
[8] https://allafrica.com/stories/201903250599.html
[9] https://www.france24.com/fr/20181107-algerie-maroc-roi-marche-verte-mohammed-VI-polisario-sahara
[10] https://www.huffpostmaghreb.com/entry/lalgerie-saisit-le-sg-de-luma-pour-une-reunion-du-conseil-des-ministres-des-affaires-etrangeres_mg_5bf6a5d9e4b03b230f9f2e07
[11] https://www.elwatan.com/a-la-une/lalgerie-demande-la-reactivation-de-luma-le-maroc-face-a-ses-contradictions-24-11-2018
[12] Ibid
[13] http://www.aps.dz/monde/81912-sommet-de-l-uma-les-ministres-des-affaires-etrangeres-convies-a-une-reunion-preparatoire
[14] http://www.lapresse.tn/index.php?option=com_nationals&task=article&id=156794
[15] https://www.huffpostmaghreb.com/entry/union-du-maghreb-arabe-un-sommet-au-maroc-en-2019_mg_5c0e5453e4b035a7bf5d4736
[16] Lounnas, D. and Messari, N. (2018), “Algeria-Morocco relations and their impact on the Maghrebi regional system”, MENARA Working Papers, n20. Available here: http://www.iai.it/sites/default/files/menara_wp_20.pdf
[17] Balta, P. (1990), “Le grand Maghreb: des indépendances à l’an 2000”, Paris : Éditions La Découverte, p. 19
[18] Guechi D.E. (2002), “L’Union du Maghreb arabe Intégration régionale et développement économique”. Available here: https://www.academia.edu/3242957/LUnion_du_Maghreb_arabe_intégration_régionale_et_développement_économique
[19] Balta, P. (1990), above cited n17, p. 20
[20] Guechi D.E. (2002), above cited n18
[21] Lounnas, D. and Messari, N. (2018), above cited n16
[22] Ibid
[23] Ibid
[24] Ibid
[25] Balta, P. (1990), above cited n17, p. 29
[26] Ibid
[27] Guechi D.E. (2002), above cited n18
[28] Ibid
[29] Ibid
[30] https://maghrebarabe.org/fr/historique/
[31] https://www.elwatan.com/a-la-une/lalgerie-demande-la-reactivation-de-luma-le-maroc-face-a-ses-contradictions-24-11-2018
[32] https://www.huffpostmaghreb.com/entry/union-du-maghreb-arabe-un-sommet-au-maroc-en-2019_mg_5c0e5453e4b035a7bf5d4736
[33] http://www.aps.dz/monde/81912-sommet-de-l-uma-les-ministres-des-affaires-etrangeres-convies-a-une-reunion-preparatoire
[34] http://www.lapresse.tn/index.php?option=com_nationals&task=article&id=156794
[35] https://www.francetvinfo.fr/monde/afrique/maroc/tunisie-le-secretaire-general-de-l-union-du-maghreb-arabe-tente-de-ressusciter-une-organisation-moribonde_3093907.html
[36] For more information, see Akrimi, Y. (2019), "Tunisia: How Economic Mismanagement Continues to Undermine the Democratic Process", Brussels International Center. Available here: https://www.bic-rhr.com/research/tunisia-how-economic-mismanagement-continues-undermine-democratic-process
[37] For more information, see Lowings, B. (2019), "Libya : The Need for A New International Approach", Brussels International Center. Available here: https://bit.ly/2VlAnyn
[38] Mahjoub, A. et al. (2017), "L’intégration régionale du Maghreb: Quelles alternatives populaires pour une intégration effective et durable? Résumé analytique de l’étude sur le coût du non Maghreb & projet de mémorandum”. Available here: http://ftdes.net/rapports/resume.coutdunonmaghreb.pdf
[39] Ibid
[40] Ibid
[41] https://www.bbc.com/afrique/region-48015023
[42] http://afrique.le360.ma/algerie/politique/2019/05/05/26291-algerie-apres-avoir-lamine-le-clan-bouteflika-que-compte-faire-gaid-salah-present-26291
[43] https://www.lci.fr/international/algerie-le-frere-d-abdelaziz-bouteflika-arrete-2120291.html
[44] Mahjoub et al. (2017) above cited n35
[45] Ibid
[46] Lamrani, M. E. (2013), above cited n3
[47] Ibid
[48] Mahjoub et al. (2017), above cited n35
[49] https://www.nouvelobs.com/monde/afrique/20181204.OBS6569/comprendre-le-conflit-au-sahara-occidental.html
[50] https://www.atlasinfo.fr/Texte-integral-du-discours-du-Roi-Mohammed-VI-a-l-occasion-du-43-eme-anniversaire-de-la-Marche-verte_a95237.html
[51] https://www.nouvelobs.com/monde/afrique/20181204.OBS6569/comprendre-le-conflit-au-sahara-occidental.html
[52] Ibid
[53] https://www.huffpostmaghreb.com/entry/5-cles-pour-comprendre-le-conflit-du-sahara_mg_5c45a0cde4b0bfa693c53d4f
[54] https://www.nouvelobs.com/monde/afrique/20181204.OBS6569/comprendre-le-conflit-au-sahara-occidental.html
[55] https://www.huffpostmaghreb.com/entry/5-cles-pour-comprendre-le-conflit-du-sahara_mg_5c45a0cde4b0bfa693c53d4f
[56] http://plan-autonomie.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/04/Plan%20Autonomie.pdf
[57] https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2007/04/12/le-maroc-depose-a-l-onu-un-plan-d-autonomie-pour-le-sahara-occidental_895024_3212.html
[58] https://www.huffpostmaghreb.com/entry/5-cles-pour-comprendre-le-conflit-du-sahara_mg_5c45a0cde4b0bfa693c53d4f
[59] United Nations Security Council Resolution 2468 (2019). Available here: https://undocs.org/en/S/RES/2468(2019)
[60] Ibid, preamble
[61] https://www.jeuneafrique.com/mag/680016/politique/table-ronde-sur-le-sahara-occidental-un-climat-consensuel-mais-pas-de-faux-espoirs/
[62] https://www.elwatan.com/edition/international/deuxieme-table-ronde-de-lonu-sur-le-conflit-du-sahara-occidental-le-maroc-opte-pour-la-politique-de-la-fuite-en-avant-24-03-2019
[63] Ibid
[64] Fonds Monétaire International (2018), “L’intégration économique du Maghreb: Une source de croissance inexploitée”, pdf version
[65] Ibid
[66] With regard to Libya’s exports of goods, no table were available on the Arab Maghreb Union website.
[67] Mahjoub, A. et al. (2017), above cited n35
[68] Ibid
[69] https://www.huffpostmaghreb.com/entry/luma-relance-le-projet-de-la-ligne-ferroviaire-tunis-alger-rabat_mg_5c5998f9e4b00187b5550cc2
[70] https://nepad.org/project/trans-maghreb-highway
[71] Ibid
[72] https://www.huffpostmaghreb.com/entry/luma-veut-lancer-une-ligne-ferroviaire-reliant-le-maroc-lalgerie-et-la-tunisie_mg_5c581072e4b08710475513e2
[73] Fonds Monétaire International (2018), above cited n60
[74] Ibid
[75] Ibid
[76] Ibid
[77] https://eng.yidaiyilu.gov.cn
[78] Fonds Monétaire International (2018), above cited n60
[79] Ibid
[80] Ibid
[81] Ibid
[82] Ibid
[83] Ibid
[84] Ibid
[85] Ibid
[86] Ibid
[87] Ibid
[88] Flory, M. (1971), “La coopération pour le développement, nouvel axe d’une politique culturelle avec les pays arabes”, in Politique Etrangère 36-5-6, pp. 553-564. Available here: https://www.persee.fr/doc/polit_0032-342x_1971_num_36_5_1957
[89] UNESCO (2009), “Le patrimoine culturel immatériel au Maghreb – Législations et institutions nationales, instruments internationaux et modalités de sauvegarde”, pdf version
[90] Ibid
[91] Flory, M. (1971), above cited n78
[92] Ibid
[93] Ibid
[94] Ibid
[95] Ibid
[96] Ibid
[97] Pouessel, S. et al. (2012), "Noirs au Maghreb: Enjeux identitaires"
[98] Flory, M. (1971), above cited n78
[99] Ibid
[100] Ibid
[101] https://www.britannica.com/place/Libya/History
[102] Ibid
[103] Kessab, A. and Benslimane, D. (2013), "Etude comparative sur certains aspects des politiques culturelles en Algérie, en Egypte, au Maroc et en Tunisie". Available here : https://www.racines.ma/sites/default/files/Étude%20comparative%20secteur%20culturel%20Afrique%20du%20Nord.pdf
[104] Ibid
[105] Ibid
[106] https://thearabweekly.com/tunisian-and-libyan-artists-breaking-ice-through-culture-project
[107] https://www.goethe.de/ins/eg/en/kul/sup/duw/kal.html
[108] Ibid
[109] Constantin, F. and Coulou, C. (2013), “Les relations internationales de la Mauritanie”, dans “Introduction à la Mauritanie”, ed. CNRS and Centre d’étude d’Afrique noire, pp. 323-360. Available here: https://books.openedition.org/iremam/1245?lang=en
[110] Ibid
[111] Ibid
[112] Ibid
[113] Kessab, A. and Benslimane, D. (2013), above cited n94
[114] Ibid
[115] http://www.ambdz.tn/Relation%20bilaterales/Rubriques%20Culturelles/Cooperation%20culturelles.php
[116] Kessab, A. and Benslimane, D. (2013), above cited n94
[117] Ibid
[118] UNESCO (2009), above cited n79
[119] Ibid
[120] Ibid
[121] Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco and Mauritania submitting to the Secretariat of the 2003 UNESCO Convention a joint file entitled "Knowledge, know-how and practices related to the production and consumption of Couscous".